“
“A 63-year-old man presented with an asymptomatic papillary, sessile lesion of the juxtalimbal bulbar conjunctiva that was surgically Selleck GSK3326595 excised with cryotherapy. Histopathologically, the lesion created some diagnostic confusion as it displayed an endophytic, or inverted, growth pattern-with squamous cells pushing into the substantia propria around fibrovascular cores, but without significant cytologic atypia, consistent with a conjunctival inverted papilloma (IP). Unlike previously reported cases of conjunctival IP, there were no goblet cells or cysts within the tumor. Immunostaining was diffusely positive for cytokeratin (CK) 7, and CK14 stained the basilar and

suprabasilar cells, as in normal conjunctiva. CK17 weakly and non-uniformly stained the tumor, ruling out a dysplasia, which is usually strongly

positive. The lesion’s cytokeratin profile therefore paralleled that of normal conjunctiva. The proliferation index with Ki67 nuclear staining was extremely low ( smaller than 1%), as was p53 nuclear staining (10-20%), both in contrast to squamous cell dysplasias or carcinomas that have a much higher percentage of positive cells. The lesion was negative for human papillomavirus subtypes associated with squamous neoplasias including carcinomas. We review the’previous literature devoted to this comparatively rare condition PXD101 purchase and contrast its benign clinical course with that of inverted papillomas of the sinonasal, lacrimal drainage, and genitourinary systems and provide a set of criteria for establishing the diagnosis. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Inflammatory kidney disease is a major clinical problem that can result in end-stage renal failure. In this article, we show that Ab-mediated inflammatory kidney injury and renal disease in a mouse nephrotoxic serum nephritis model was inhibited by amino acid metabolism and a protective autophagic response.

The metabolic signal was driven by IFN-gamma-mediated induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) enzyme activity with subsequent activation of a stress response dependent on the eIF2 alpha kinase buy BLZ945 general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2). Activation of GCN2 suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production in glomeruli and reduced macrophage recruitment to the kidney during the incipient stage of Ab-induced glomerular inflammation. Further, inhibition of autophagy or genetic ablation of Ido1 or Gcn2 converted Ab-induced, self-limiting nephritis to fatal end-stage renal disease. Conversely, increasing kidney IDO1 activity or treating mice with a GCN2 agonist induced autophagy and protected mice from nephritic kidney damage. Finally, kidney tissue from patients with Ab-driven nephropathy showed increased IDO1 abundance and stress gene expression.

One-step pooling would give similar confidence intervals for pool sizes less than 20 while reducing the number of tests performed. Conclusions:

Pooled nPCR testing was a sensitive and resource-efficient strategy and LCMs provided precise prevalence estimates of submicroscopic infections. Compared to two-step pooling, one-step pooling could provide similar prevalence selleckchem estimates at population levels with many fewer tests required.”
“Heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) is responsible for expression of a large class of heat shock proteins that have been implicated in the malignant phenotype of human cancers. Little is known about the effect of a high level of HSF1 on the behavior of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we assessed the value of HSF1 for predicting clinical outcomes in OSCC. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting showed that the expressions of HSF1 mRNA and protein in OSCC-derived cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-3, HSC-4, Sa3, Ca9-22, KON and Ho-1-u-1) were elevated compared with those in human normal oral keratinocytes (P<0.05). Similar to in vitro data. HSF1 m RNA expression in primary OSCCs (n=50) was significantly greater than in normal counterparts (P<0.05). Since HSF1 was

observed in the nucleus and cytoplasm by immunohistochemistry, we investigated the correlation between the HSF1 expression status at each subcellular location and the clinical NVP-HSP990 behavior of OSCCs. Among the clinical classifications, higher nuclear HSF1 expression was closely related to tumor size and histopathologic types (P<0.05). These results showed for the first time that nuclear HSF1 expression may contribute to cancer progression and that HSF1 might be a potential diagnostic biomarker and a therapeutic target for OSCCs.”
“Cerebral malaria (CM) is the most severe complication

of Plasmodium falciparum in humans and major cause of death. SP600125 PARP inhibitor is a specific, small molecule inhibitor of JNK that prevents the phosphorylation of c-Jun and blocks the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and attenuates neuronal apoptosis in several neurodegenerative disorders. We evaluated the effect of SP600125 treatment on the survival of Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA)-infected C57BL/6J mice. Administration of SP600125 improved survival in PbA-infected C57BL6J mice but has no effect on parasitemia. Further, SP600125 administration resulted in attenuation of neuronal cell death along with inhibition of proinflammatory mediators TNF-alpha and COX-2 and proapoptotic mediators p-c-Jun and active caspase 3 in PbA-infected mice. The promising findings of this study make SP600125 a potential agent for supportive therapy to alleviate inflammation and neuronal cell death associated with CM.”
“Film coating fluids commonly contain different pigments.

We concluded that unwillingly stepping on contra-lateral force-plate occurred a few percent and up to 37.7% of all strides (median: 12.9%). Our proposed method (HSest) robustly showed small errors for heel-strike

detection and stride-interval calculation consistently among subjects, while HS50% and HS20N showed large errors depending on subjects. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: find more This study aimed to compare the clinical and microbiological characteristics between acute bacterial prostatitis and transrectal biopsy-related acute prostatitis. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 135 patients hospitalized for acute prostatitis in three urological centers between 2004 and 2013. Acute bacterial prostatitis was diagnosed according to typical symptoms, findings of physical examination, and laboratory test results. Clinical variables, laboratory test results, and anti-microbial susceptibility results were reviewed. Patients were classified into the spontaneous acute prostatitis group (S-ABP) or biopsy-related acute prostatitis (Bx-ABP) for comparison of their clinical, laboratory, and microbiological findings. Results: The mean age of all patients was 61.7 +/- 12.9 years.

Compared with S-ABP patients, Bx-ABP patients were Selleck Screening Library significantly older, had larger prostate volumes, higher PSA values, higher peak fever temperatures, and higher incidence of septicemia and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Overall, of the 135 patients, 57.8% had positive bacterial urine and/or blood cultures. Bx-ABP patients had a higher incidence of bacterial (urine and/or blood) positive cultures compared to S-ABP patients (66.7% versus 55.6%). Escherichia coli was the predominant organism in both groups, but it was more common in Bx-ABP (88.9%) than in S-ABP (66.7%). Extended spectrum beta-lactamase -producing bacteria accounted for 64.7% of culture-positive

patients in the Bx-ABP group compared to 13.3% in the S-ABP group. Conclusions: Bx-ABP patients showed a higher incidence of septicemia and antibiotic-resistant bacteria than S-ABP patients. These results have important implications for the management and antimicrobial see more treatment of Bx-ABP, which may well deserve to be considered a distinct prostatitis category. (C) 2015, Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The overall strategy used by growing axons to find their correct paths during the nervous system development is not yet completely understood. Indeed, some emergent and counterintuitive phenomena were recently described during axon pathfinding in presence of chemical gradients. Here, a novel computational model is presented together with its ability to reproduce both regular and counterintuitive axonal behaviours.

On the treatment topic, accumulating evidence suggesting worse outcomes argues against the use of corticosteroids, but some noninvasive ventilating modalities require further assessment.\n\nSummary\n\nThe recent

influenza A(H1N1) 2009 pandemic has highlighted our weaknesses relating to the diagnosis and assessment of severity of SARI, compromising early treatment and ultimate outcomes; further research based on this experience will help to improve prognosis and boost our future preparedness. An important message is the necessity of international collaboration for the rapid dissemination of locally acquired knowledge.”
“Purpose: To assess the behavioural effects of prolonged motor practice in healthy volunteers, and the specific impact of inhibiting Selleck AZD5153 Stem Cell Compound Library different motor-related brain regions in the late phase of motor learning using continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS).\n\nMethods: Twelve subjects trained their non-dominant arm in eight arm motor tasks (Arm Ability Training, AAT) once a day for three weeks (16 sessions). During the last four days, training was performed before and after applying cTBS to either M1, S1, SMA, or PMC.\n\nResults: The AAT induced substantial

and robust motor learning for the trained arm with variations across tasks. Considerable motor learning was also observed in the non-trained dominant arm with remarkably similar variations across tasks, suggesting that practise improved common underlying sensorimotor capacities (abilities) in addition to effector-specific effects. When applied after prolonged training, inhibitory cTBS showed

no detrimental effects on motor performance/learning; M1 cTBS even improved performance in a labyrinth task.\n\nConclusions: Prolonged training with BLZ945 inhibitor the non-dominant arm led to profound motor learning across abilities with transfer to the non-trained dominant arm. Unlike during early stages of motor learning, no detrimental effect of cTBS over M1, S1, PMC, or SMA could be substantiated after prolonged motor practice.”
“Background: Malaria parasites actively proliferate in the body of their vertebrate and insect hosts, and are subjected to the toxic effects of reactive oxygen species. The antioxidant defenses of malaria parasites are considered to play essential roles in their survival and are thus considered promising targets for intervention. We sought to identify the cellular function of thioredoxin peroxidase-2 (TPx-2), which is expressed in the mitochondria, by disrupting the TPx-2 gene (pbtpx-2) of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei.

The posterior probability

that the closed-loop anesthetic delivery Elafibranor system was reliable across all levels was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.77-1.00; n = 18) and that the system was accurate across all levels was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.84-1.00; n = 18).\n\nConclusion: The findings of this study establish the feasibility of using a closed-loop anesthetic delivery systems to achieve in real time reliable and accurate control of burst suppression in rodents and suggest a paradigm to precisely control medically induced coma in patients.”
“Satellite cells are quiescent cells located under the basal lamina of skeletal muscle fibers that contribute to muscle growth, maintenance, repair, and regeneration. Mouse satellite cells have been shown to be muscle stem cells that are able to regenerate muscle fibers and self-renew. As human skeletal muscle is also able to regenerate following injury, we assume that the human satellite cell is, like its murine equivalent, a muscle stem cell. In this review, we compare human and mouse satellite cells and highlight their similarities and differences. We discuss gaps in our knowledge of human satellite cells, compared with that of mouse satellite cells, and suggest ways in which we may advance studies on human satellite cells, particularly P5091 by finding

new markers and attempting to re-create the human satellite cell niche in vitro. (J Histochem Cytochem 58:941-955, 2010)”
“When Bluetongue Virus Serotype 8 (BTV-8) was first detected in Northern Europe in 2006, several guidelines were immediately put into place with the goal to protect farms and stop the spreading of the disease. This however did not prevent further rapid spread of BTV-8 across Northern Europe. Using information on the 2006 Bluetongue outbreak in cattle farms in Belgium, a spatio-temporal transmission model was formulated. The model quantifies the local transmission of the disease between farms within a municipality, JQ1 ic50 the short-distance transmission between farms across neighbouring municipalities and the transmission as a result of cattle movement. Different municipality-level

covariates such as farm density, land composition variables, temperature and precipitation, were assessed as possibly influencing each component of the transmission process. Results showed a significant influence of the different covariates in each model component, particularly the significant effect of temperature and precipitation values in the number of infected farms. The model which allowed us to predict the dynamic spreading of BTV for different movement restriction scenarios, also affirmed the significant impact of cattle movement in the 2006 BTV outbreak pattern. Simulation results further showed the importance of considering the size of restriction zones in the formulation of guidelines for animal infectious diseases.

In addition, the latter includes ectasia and spinal drainage as criteria of two distinct grades. However, none of the above classifications (a) differentiates direct from exclusive leptomeningeal venous drainage, (b)

considers cortical venous congestion as a factor potentially associated with an aggressive clinical course, and (c) anticipates ectasia in shunts with a mixed dural-cortical venous drainage (type 2). In this study, we analyzed the angiographic images of 107 consecutive patients having a cranial dural arteriovenous fistula with leptomeningeal venous drainage, based on a newly developed scheme. This scheme, symbolized with the acronym “DES,” groups the dural shunts according to three factors: directness and exclusivity of leptomeningeal venous drainage and signs of NSC23766 clinical trial venous strain. According to the combination of the three factors, eight different groups were distinguished. All analyzed cases could Caspase-3 Inhibitor be assigned to one of these groups. Directness of leptomeningeal venous drainage expresses the exact site of the shunt (bridging vein vs sinus wall), whereas exclusivity expresses venous outlet restrictions. All bridging vein shunts had a direct leptomeningeal venous drainage. Almost all bridging vein shunts and all “isolated” sinus shunts had an exclusive leptomeningeal

venous drainage. Venous strain, manifested as ectasia and/or congestion, denotes the decompensation of the cerebral venous system due to the shunt reflux. The comparison of the presented concept with the currently used classifications highlighted the advantages of the former and the weaknesses of the latter.”
“Mungbean yellow mosaic virus-[India:Vigna] (MYMV-[IN:Vig]), a blackgram

isolate of MYMV, has five variable and infective DNA B components of which KA22 and KA27 DNA Bs share only 72% nucleotide sequence identity between them. Agroinoculation of blackgram with partial dimers of DNA A and KA27 DNA B caused severe stunting and an inordinate delay in flowering. Interestingly, co-agroinoculation see more of KA27 + KA22 DNA B components along with DNA A ameliorated severe stunting, rescued from the delay in flowering and caused the appearance of yellow mosaic symptom characteristic of KA22 DNA B. Post-agroinoculation of KA27 DNA B-infected blackgram plants with KA22 DNA B also resulted in the amelioration from severe stunting and in the alleviation from the delay in flowering. Alleviation from KA27 DNA B-type of symptom by co-infection or post-infection with KA22 DNA B did not result in a corresponding reduction in KA27 DNA B levels. Swapping of KA27 DNA B with the nuclear shuttle protein gene (NSP) of KA22 DNA B abolished severe stunting and caused the appearance of mild yellow symptom, suggesting that the NSP is the major symptom determinant in MYMV DNA B. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

\n\nResults: Using surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI), the deposition of protein by vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) cultured on fibronectin was quantified as a function of cell density and distance from the cell periphery. We observed that as much as selleck compound 120 ng/cm(2) of protein was deposited by cells in 24 h.\n\nConclusion: SPRI is a real-time, low-light-level, label-free imaging technique that allows the simultaneous

observation and quantification of protein layers and cellular features. This technique is compatible with live cells such that it is possible to monitor cellular modifications to the extracellular matrix in real-time.”
“This report defines the role of Apophysomyces as an aggressive fungal pathogen seen after a tornado injury. Clinical and laboratory manifestations of infections after environmentally contaminated wounds incurred during a tornado are outlined, emphasizing mechanism of injury, comorbidities, and diagnostic and treatment challenges. Therapy AZD4547 clinical trial with systemic antifungal therapy and aggressive serial tissue debridement was successful in achieving cure.”
“A taxonomic re-evaluation

of the Carcharhinus sealei-dussumieri group using meristic and morphological data revealed that this group consists of 5 species. Two species, Carcharhinus coatesi (Whitley, 1939) from northern Australia and probably New Guinea and C. tjutjot (Bleeker, 1852) from Indonesian to Taiwan, are resurrected as valid species and together

with C. dussumieri and C. sealei are redescribed. Garrick’s lectotype designation of C. dussumieri and C. tjutjot are retained. A neotype for C. sealei, collected from the same locality as the holotype which was destroyed during World War II, is designated. A fifth, possibly undescribed species (Carcharhinus sp.) is also noted from the Western Indian Ocean and its affinities briefly discussed. The four redescribed species are very similarly morphologically but can be distinguished by a combination of meristic, morphological, dental and colour characters. The most important selleck characters for distinguishing these species are: vertebral counts, tooth counts, tooth morphology, shape of first dorsal and pectoral fins, second dorsal fin colouration, and mouth width. Two independent molecular studies have produced results which closely correlate with and support the findings of this study.”
“A series of stilbazolium salts based on donor-it-acceptor (D-it-A) structure have been synthesized and fully characterized. Photophysical properties including linear absorption, one-photon excited fluorescence (OPEF), two-photon absorption (2PA) properties were systematically investigated. The results suggest that increasing electron-releasing character of the terminal group leads to a more pronounced donor-to-acceptor intramolecular charge transfer (ICT).

Differences between good and poor shoe groups compared to participants own shoes were also determined. Findings: Compared to participant’s own shoes, footwear with good characteristics significantly reduced peak pressure at metatarsal 3 and 5, reduced pressure time integrals

beneath the heel and metatarsals 3 and 5 and increased pressure time integrals beneath the midfoot The footwear with poor characteristics significantly increased peak pressure beneath the heel and lesser toes, reduced peak pressure at metatarsal 3 and reduced pressure time integrals in the midfoot compared to participants own shoes. Both good and poor footwear significantly increased walking velocity, step length, and stride length compared to participants own shoes. Interpretation: Selumetinib solubility dmso Walking shoes with good footwear characteristics can influence plantar pressure values and encourage Buparlisib inhibitor a more efficient heel to toe gait pattern in people with gout. These changes may contribute to the reduction in foot pain and foot-related problems in this population. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The diagnosis of a CD30+ cutaneous infiltrate is often difficult and requires clinicopathologic correlation. To further evaluate this challenge, initial clinical and histopathologic diagnoses were correlated with

final clinicopathologic diagnosis in 44 cases with CD30 immunopositivity. Dermatopathologic evaluation confirmed the initial clinical diagnosis in 65% of the suspected benign cases, all cases of suspected lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP), and 72% of clinically malignant cases. In the 25 patients with clinical suspicion for lymphoma, the histopathologic diagnoses included lymphoma in 18, LyP in 2, CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder (CD30 LPD) in 3 and hypersensitivity reaction in

2 patients. Clinicopathologic correlation led to a change in three cases diagnosed histopathologically as anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) reclassified as LyP type C, and one patient diagnosed as CD30 LPD clinically evolved as herpes virus infection. Furthermore, five cases reported as CD30 LPD received more specific diagnoses after clinicopathologic correlation (LyP type C in three, ML323 research buy and ALCL in two patients). Clinicopathologic correlation is essential in establishing the correct diagnosis of CD30 LPD, in particular the distinction of ALCL from LyP type C. In this setting, the histopathologic diagnosis of CD30 LPD is advisable in the absence of clinical data.”
“The Caenorhabditis elegans gene hlh-6 is expressed specifically in pharyngeal glands, one of five distinct pharyngeal cell types. Expression of hlh-6 is controlled by a discrete set of cis-regulatory elements, including a negative element called HRL1. Here we demonstrate that HRL1 is a functional binding site for LAG-1, the CSL transcriptional effector of Notch in C. elegans, and that regulation of hlh-6 by LAG-1 is direct.

(C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 120: 1525-1532, 2011″
“Testis-mediated gene transfer (TMGT) has been used as in vivo gene transfer technology to introduce foreign DNA directly into testes, allowing mass gene transfer check details to offspring via mating. In this study, we used plasmid DNA (pECFP-N1) mixed with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) or liposome (Lipofectin) in an attempt to improve TMGT. Males receiving

consecutive DNA complex injections were mated to normal females to obtain F0 progeny. In vivo evaluation of EGFP expression, RT-PCR and PCR were used to detect the expression and the presence of exogenous DNA in the progeny. We also evaluated possible testicular damage by histological procedures. PCR and RT-PCR analyses revealed that liposome and DMSO increased the rate of TMGT. Histological analyses demonstrated that repeated (4 times) injections of DNA complexes can affect spermatogenesis. DMSO was the most deleterious among the reagents tested. In this study, we detected the

presence of transgene in the progeny, and its expression in blood cells. Consecutive injections of DNA complexes were associated with impaired spermatogenesis, suggesting requirement of optimal conditions for DNA delivery through TMGT.”
“Purpose: To assess the selleck chemicals value of gadoxetic acid-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the pretherapeutic detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis with the combination of computed tomography (CT) arterial

portography and CT hepatic arteriography (CTAP/CTHA).\n\nMaterials and Methods: A total of 54 consecutive patients with 87 nodular HCCs were retrospectively analyzed. All HCC nodules were confirmed pathologically. Three blinded readers independently reviewed 432 hepatic segments, including 78 segments with 87 HCCs. Each reader read two sets of images: Set 1, CTAP/CTHA; Set 2, gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI including a gradient dual-echo sequence and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). The ROC method was used to analyze the results. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive LY3023414 mw value, negative predictive value and sensitivity according to tumor size were evaluated.\n\nResults: For each reader, the area under the curve was significantly higher for Set 2 than for Set 1. The mean area under the curve was also significantly greater for Set 2 than for Set 1 (area under the curve, 0.98 vs. 0.93; P=.0009). The sensitivity was significantly higher for Set 2 than for Set 1 for all three readers (P=.012, .013 and .039, respectively). The difference in the specificity, positive predictive values and negative predictive values of the two modalities for each reader was not significant (P>.05).\n\nConclusion: Gadoxetic acid-enhanced MRI including a gradient dual-echo sequence and DWI is recommended for the pre-therapeutic evaluation of patients with HCC. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc.

7, 35.0 and 34.4years, respectively. The karyotype analysis showed 46XX (MRKH) in 109 patients and 46XY (CAIS) in 10 of the primary amenorrhea patients. ConclusionHysterectomy may deteriorate ovarian

blood flow and decrease ovarian reserve. Fertility preservation may be considered in young woman undergoing hysterectomy.”
“The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of combined treatment with rituximab and subcutaneous cladribine in patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Forty-three patients with active CLL or small lymphocytic THZ1 Cell Cycle inhibitor lymphoma received rituximab 375 mg/m(2) on day 1 and cladribine 0.1 mg/kg subcutaneously on days 2-6. The treatment was repeated every 4 weeks for a total of four cycles. Sixteen patients were pretreated. The overall response rate was 88% (50% complete remission and 38% partial remission). The median time to treatment https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html failure was 37.9 months. Grade 4 neutropenia developed in 5% of patients. The data indicate that combination therapy with rituximab and cladribine is a valuable and

safe treatment for patients with CLL.”
“Benastatins are aromatic polyketides from Streptomyces spp. that efficiently inhibit glutathione-S-transferases and induce apoptosis. Their biosynthesis involves a type II polyketide synthase, and a ketoacyl synthase (KAS) III component (BenQ) similar to FabH that is Crucial for providing and selecting the rare hexanoate PKS starter unit. The function of BenQ as a KAS III was experimentally Proven by point mutation of the active site cysteine.

In the Mutant several novel short chain fatty acid derived penta- and hexacyclic benastatin derivatives with antiprolieferative activities are formed. Strategies tor engineering benastatin Stattic research buy biosynthesis were attempted. Synthetic starter units surrogates were not incorporated by block Mutants, Which Suggests that the primer needs to be enzyme-bound. Thus, Oil the basis of KAS III crystal structures the three-dimensional structure of BenQ was modeled and the predicted substrate-binding tunnel was altered by individual Mutations of potential gatekeeping residues (H95A and M99A). However, no significant changes in Substrate specificity were observed, indicating that there are other or additional gatekeeping amino acid residues in BenQ or secondary factors including likely protein-protein interactions between BenQ and the PKS complex, and possible conformational changes in BenQ. Finally, a benQ null mutant Was complemented with butyrate starter unit biosynthesis genes from the alnumycin biosynthesis gene Cluster, which resulted in a great (10x) enhancement in the production of butyrate-primed hexacyclic benastatin derivatives. The Successful generation of an alnumycin-benastatin FAS-PKS hybrid pathway highlights the potential of metabolic pathways, which may lead to novel potential therapeutics and increased yields of desired natural products. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V.