Signaling Pathway Blog

g., K19, CD133, EpCAM, and c-kit) in HCCs and correlated the results with the clinicopathologic characteristics. In addition, the biological features of human HCCs expressing stemness-related markers were analyzed with various EMT and invasion-associated proteins. AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; CD, cluster of differentiation;

cDNA, complementary DNA; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; H&E, hematoxylin-eosin; K19, keratin 19; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; mRNA, messenger RNA; miRNA, microRNA; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; SD, standard deviation; uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator; uPAR, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor. R428 mouse This study was performed on two independent cohorts of patients with HCC. The HCCs included in this study were typical HCCs morphologically; cases that could be classified as combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma by hematoxylin-eosin

(H&E) or mucin stains were excluded from both cohorts. This study was approved by the ethics committees of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (Seoul, Korea) and Severance Hospital (Seoul, Korea). Cohort 1 consisted of 137 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded HCC specimens obtained Ibrutinib from the archives of the Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, from 2003 to 2009. Patients were 15-87 years in age (range, 56.4 ± 12.2, mean ± standard deviation [SD]) and consisted of 108 males and 29 females. Mean follow-up time after surgery was 33.9 months (range, 0-91). Cohort 2 consisted of 237 paraffin-embedded human HCC specimens, surgically resected from January 2000 to December 2009 at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Medical Center. Curative resection was performed for all patients. Major and minor resections were defined as resection of ≥3 segments and ≤2 segments, according

to the Couinaud classification, respectively. The patient population consisted of 189 males and 48 females, and their ages ranged from 24 to 81 years (range, 55.0 ± 10.2, mean ± SD). All patients received no preoperative treatment, such as transarterial Dapagliflozin chemoembolization or radiation. All patients were checked for serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA II) and underwent ultrasonography or dynamic computed tomography every 3-6 months after surgery. Median follow-up time after resection was 21.6 months (range, 1-109). Other important clinical data from each patient were obtained from a careful review of the medical records, including hepatitis B virus surface antigen status, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin levels.

First, there is a widespread perception that most investigational agents for the treatment of chronic

hepatitis C are being explored Idasanutlin molecular weight in easy-to-cure populations, at least partially devoid of negative prognostic factors.65 The lack of consistent safety and efficacy data in patients with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis represents a major drawback in most, if not all, regimens. Although cirrhosis is likely going to lose its negative predictive power as a response moderator once potent anti-HCV regimens are available, it might nonetheless remain a key determinant of reduced safety with some regimens. Indeed, some drugs have side effects that might be worrisome in patients with cirrhosis, selleck kinase inhibitor such as increased bilirubin with simeprevir,66 while others (such as ASV) show significant pharmacokinetic modifications in patients with impaired liver function,67 and thus need to be managed with caution in this group of patients. The same safety questions need to be ascertained in post–liver transplantation patients as well as those on the transplant waiting list. To date, we only have two very preliminary case reports of posttransplant fibrosing cholestatic hepatitis C patients

who reached an SVR with either a triple therapy regimen of PEG-IFN/RBV and DCV68 or an IFN-free regimen of DCV plus SOF,69 in each case without any significant safety issue and without any clinically relevant drug-drug interaction find more with the

ongoing immunosuppressive regimen. Real-life studies of IFN-free regimens have shown surprisingly low rates of adherence to the correct treatment schedule and lower SVR rates compared with sponsored studies, meaning that once we move drugs into more difficult-to-cure patients, we might not completely replicate the data obtained by phase II trials.60, 70 Affordability of some of these innovative regimens will also be an issue. Whether anti-HCV regimens that provide small benefits in terms of SVR but radically improve patient tolerability will be deemed cost-effective by national health systems and hence be reimbursed universally is unclear. Given that cost-effective drugs such as TVR/BOC71, 72 are still not reimbursable in many countries, it is possible that these innovative regimens will be confined to groups of patients in whom TVR/BOC or PEG-IFN/RBV are either ineffective or unsafe. This might create a paradox where pharmaceutical innovation might not translate into clinical innovation, with some patients receiving marginally less effective and less tolerable drugs for cost-containing issues.

Western countries have seen a progressive decline of H. pylori prevalence as well as an increasing click here use of NSAIDs and aspirin, the latter mainly prescribed for cardiovascular protection [2,3]. In addition, a novel entity – so-called idiopathic ulcer – has emerged, where PUD does not appear to be related with either H. pylori or NSAIDs [4]. Worldwide reported prevalence of idiopathic PUD ranges from 4% to 40%, with relatively high rates in American and Asian studies [5,6], and a low prevalence in Europe [7,8]. A UK study of 3923 cases of uncomplicated PUD found that

the prevalence of idiopathic PUD had increased over time from 5% in 1997 to 12% in 2005, while the proportion of H. pylori-positive cases decreased from 35% to 29% [9]. However, it should be noted that H. pylori status was not assessed in over 60% of patients in this study, casting some doubt on the reliability of these results [9]. In an endoscopic study in the US, PUD was diagnosed in 14 (5.6%) of 251 patients, and H. pylori infection was detected in only one patient, while six patients were NSAID users, giving a prevalence of idiopathic PUD of 50% (7 of 14) [10]. However, as many as 44.6% of the enrolled patients was taking either a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) or a H2-blocker at the time of endoscopy,

which could have confounded detection of both ulcers and H. pylori [10]. In India, H. pylori infection was not detected in 52 (40.6%) of 128 PUD patients without NSAID use [11]. In contrast, PD0332991 datasheet in an Italian study [12], only 4% of 300 consecutive patients with PUD were both H. pylori and NSAIDs use negative, while H. pylori was the only factor in 62.3% of cases, NSAIDs in 22%, and both factors were present in the remaining 11.7% of cases. The reasons for such

geographic discrepancy remain unclear, but varying prevalence of H. pylori infection in the general population may play a role, as well as possible surreptitious use of NSAIDs Aldol condensation and aspirin. Also, the diagnostic procedures used (histology, rapid urease test, etc.) for H. pylori assessment and adequate interruption (for at least 2 weeks) of PPI therapy before testing could have played a role [13]. Irrespective of etiology, both incidence and prevalence of PUD have been dramatically decreasing in developed countries in the last decades. In a systematic review including studies that collected data up to early 2000 [14], the annual incidence of PUD was estimated to range from 0.15% to 0.40% according to physician administrative data, and from 0.04% to 0.17% according to hospitalization data. Similarly, the annual prevalence of PUD ranged from 0.12% to 1.50% and from 0.10% to 0.19%, on physician- and hospitalization-based data, respectively. Moreover, all studies consistently registered a decrease in both incidence and prevalence of PUD over time [14].

5). (a)  Conception and Design (a)  Drafting the Manuscript (a)  Final Approval of the Completed Manuscript ”
“In this study, we set out to determine whether individual headache sufferers can learn MDV3100 in vitro about the potency of their headache triggers (causes) using only natural experimentation. Headache patients naturally use the covariation of the presence-absence of triggers with headache attacks to assess the potency of triggers. The validity of this natural experimentation has never been investigated. A companion study has proposed 3 assumptions that are important for assigning causal status

to triggers. This manuscript examines one of these assumptions, constancy in trigger presentation, using real-world conditions. The similarity of day-to-day weather conditions over 4 years, as well as the similarity of ovarian hormones and perceived stress over a median of 89 days in 9 regularly cycling headache sufferers, was examined using several available time series. An arbitrary threshold of 90% similarity using Gower’s index identified similar days for comparison. The day-to-day variability in just these 3 headache triggers is substantial enough that finding 2 naturally similar days for which to contrast the effect of a fourth trigger (eg, drinking wine vs not drinking wine) will only infrequently occur. Fluctuations

in weather patterns resulted in a median of 2.3 days each year selleck compound that were similar (range 0-27.4). Considering fluctuations in stress patterns and ovarian hormones, only 1.5 days/month (95% confidence interval 1.2-2.9) and 2.0 days/month (95% confidence interval 1.9-2.2), respectively,

met our threshold for similarity. Although assessing the personal causes of headache is an age-old endeavor, the great many candidate triggers exhibit variability that may prevent sound conclusions without assistance from formal experimentation or statistical balancing. ”
“In order to effectively study and manage headache disorders, diagnosis is essential. In both research and clinical arenas, from separating secondary causes from primary headache disorders is a crucial first step, followed by further specificity within these broader categories. Historical approaches to classifying headache disorders culminated in the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD), completed and published in 1988. This was revised as the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd Edition (ICHD II) in 2004. The International Headache Society’s Subcommittee on Classification began work on the 3rd edition in 2010, and has just published this online and in the journal Cephalalgia. The diagnostic criteria for more than 200 causes of headaches are based upon evidence when available, and fortunately, recent research in the field of headache medicine has produced data applicable to the refinement of classification of a number of primary and secondary headache disorders.

capsici resulted in the purification of a phytotoxic protein fraction designated as p47f, capable of inducing wilting and necrosis on leaves of Capsicum chinense Jacq, and having a 47 kDa polypeptide with proteolytic activity as

the major component. The isolated p47f fraction induced DNA degradation and decreased cell survival of C. chinense cell suspension culture. Sequencing of p47f indicated the presence of 15 proteins, which could be grouped into seven classes including a protease group, cell wall remodelling proteins and the transglutaminase elicitor M81D, among others. This is the first report of P. capsici secreting proteins that modulate cell responses mediated by ROS in the host. ”
“The effect of seed-borne pathogens of wheat and barley on crown and root rot diseases of seven barley cultivars (Jimah-6, Jimah-51, Jimah-54, Jimah-58, Omani, Beecher and Duraqi) and three wheat cultivars (Cooley, Maissani and Shawarir) PI3K inhibitor was investigated. Bipolaris sorokiniana and Alternaria alternata were detected in seeds of at least eight cultivars, but Fusarium species in seeds of only two barley cultivars (Jimah-54 and Jimah-58). Crown rot and root rot symptoms developed on barley C59 wnt in vitro and wheat cultivars following germination of infected seeds in sterilized growing media. Bipolaris sorokiniana was the only pathogen consistently isolated from crowns and roots of the emerging seedlings. In

addition, crown rot and root rot diseases of non-inoculated barley cultivars correlated significantly with B. sorokiniana inoculum in seeds (P = 0.0019), but not with Fusarium or Alternaria (P > 0.05). These results indicate the role of seed-borne inoculum of B. sorokiniana in development of crown rot and root rot diseases. Pathogenicity tests of B. sorokiniana isolates confirmed its role in inducing crown rot and root rot, with two wheat cultivars being more resistant to crown and root rots than most barley

cultivars (P < 0.05). Barley cultivars also exhibited significant differences in resistance to crown rot (P < 0.05). In addition, black point PLEKHB2 disease symptoms were observed on seeds of three barley cultivars and were found to significantly affect seed germination and growth of some of these cultivars. This study confirms the role of seed-borne inoculum of B. sorokiniana in crown and root rots of wheat and barley and is the first report in Oman of the association of B. sorokiniana with black point disease of barley. ”
“The infection of wheat spikelets by Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agent of black point on grains and grain shrivelling, was examined by light and electron microscopy. Conidia of the pathogen germinated 6–12 h after inoculation on the surfaces of the different spike tissues. Extracellular sheaths were observed on germ tubes and appressoria attached to the surfaces of lemma, palea and seeds, but were only scarcely detected on the surface of conidia.

Importantly, sensitivity to H2O2 was not correlated with resistance to KF350 although it accumulated at penetration sites and in lesions associated with Fusarium infection in all cultivars. ”
“In the year 2010, in a survey in Guangxi Province, China, to detect and characterize phytoplasmas in a huanglongbing (HLB)-infected

grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) orchard, 87 leaf samples with symptoms of blotchy mottle were collected from symptomatic grapefruit trees, and 320 leaf samples from symptomless trees adjacent to the symptomatic trees. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal phytoplasma primer set P1/P7 followed by primer set fU5/rU3 identified 7 (8.0%) positive samples from symptomatic samples but none from symptomless samples. Of www.selleckchem.com/products/yap-tead-inhibitor-1-peptide-17.html the 87 symptomatic samples, 77 (88.5%) were positive for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and 5 for both phytoplasma and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’. Sequence analysis Obeticholic Acid molecular weight indicated that seven 881-bp amplicons, amplified by nested phytoplasma primer sets P1/P7 and fU5/rU3, shared 100.0% sequence identity with each other. Genome walking was then performed based on the 881 bp known sequences, and 5111 bp of upstream and downstream sequences were obtained. The total 5992 bp sequences contained

a complete rRNA operon, composed of a 16S rRNA gene, a tRNAIle gene, a 23S rRNA gene and a 5S rRNA gene followed by eight tRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis and virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism

analysis confirmed the phytoplasma was a variant (16SrII-A*) of phytoplasma subgroup 16SrII-A. As phytoplasmas were only detected in blotchy-mottle leaves, the 16SrII-A* phytoplasma identified was related to HLB-like symptoms. Angiogenesis inhibitor ”
“Seedlings of three Eastern US forest species Quercus rubra (northern red oak), Quercus prinus (chestnut oak) and Acer rubrum (red maple) were inoculated by applying Phytophthora ramorum sporangia to stems at different inoculum densities with and without wounding. Disease occurred in all treatments involving wounds, and no disease was observed in unwounded treatments. Younger seedlings (2–3 years old) did not differ significantly from older seedlings (5–6 years old) in disease incidence, but older seedlings sustained smaller lesions compared with younger seedlings. For both old and young seedlings, disease on wounded stems was observed down to the lowest sporangia concentration utilized (500 sporangia/ml for old seedlings and 100 sporangia/ml for young seedlings). The results show that in the presence of wounding, even very low sporangia concentrations can result in disease, and further suggest that wounding caused by insects and other factors may play an important role in P. ramorum epidemiology in forest environments.

4A). Similar trends were observed from the samples treated with GW4064 for a short time only (1 hour) (Supporting Fig. 12), which is consistent with a direct effect of FXR on gene expression, rather than delayed indirect responses. For the genes unique to obese mice, mRNA levels were increased significantly for 5 of 13 genes and decreased significantly in one (Fig. 4B). These results suggest that a large fraction of potential FXR target genes examined are likely repressed by agonist-activated FXR. Direct gene repression by agonist-activated FXR was expected to be rare, because

Nivolumab concentration nearly all of the direct FXR target genes have been reported to be activated.2, 3, 19 We therefore further examined epigenetic

histone markers of gene activation and repression, as well as occupancy by RNAPII.21, 24, 25 Genes with increased expression, as well as representative genes that were repressed or not find more significantly affected (Fig. 4A), were examined. Two-step re-ChIP and qRT-PCR analyses were performed, and the known FXR target gene, Shp, was first analyzed as a control. Co-occupancy of RNAPII with FXR and acetylated histone H3K9/K14 at the Shp promoter was increased, whereas co-occupancy of RXRα with FXR was not changed after GW4064 treatment (Fig. 5A). As expected, mRNA levels for Shp were increased after a 1-hour treatment with GW4064 (Fig. 5B). For selected potential FXR genomic targets, occupancy of FXR was increased in nearly all of the genes examined after GW4064 treatment (Fig. 5C). For the three genes with increased mRNA levels after GW4064 treatment (Fig. 4A), aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 and 2 (Aldh1/2), 3-oxoacid coenzyme A transferase 2B (Oxct2b), and cell division cycle-associated 4 (Cdca4), co-occupancy of RXRα and RNAPII with FXR was increased and acetylated histone H3K9/K14 levels were increased, Evodiamine as expected, for activated genes (Fig. 5D-F). For the remaining genes, RNAPII

occupancy and acetylated histone H3 levels were decreased or unchanged, which would be consistent with either no induction or suppression of these genes, as observed from the mRNA levels. Finally, to directly determine whether binding of agonist-activated FXR leads to the repression of genes examined, ChIP assays were performed to measure the levels of known epigenetic histone marks for gene repression, such as H3K9 di- and H3K27 tri-methylation.24, 25 After treatment with GW4064, occupancies of FXR and RNAPII were increased and tri-methylated H3K9 and H3K27 levels were decreased at the control Shp gene promoter (Fig. 6A). For the potential FXR target genes with increased expression, such as Ald1/2, Oxc2b, and Cdca4, levels of repressed histone marks (H3K27 and H3K9) were unchanged or decreased after GW4064 treatment (Fig. 6B).

The establishment of the Expanded Program on Immunization in 1992 has resulted in a substantial decline in the number of newly HBV-infected patients; however, the number of patients with alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases VX-809 cost is rising at an alarming rate. Liver cancer, one of the most deadly cancers, is the second-most common cancer in China. Approximately 383,000 people die from liver cancer every year in China, which accounts for 51% of the deaths from liver cancer worldwide. Over the past 10 years, China has made some significant efforts to shed its “leader in liver diseases” title by investing large amounts

of money in funding research, vaccines, and drug development for liver diseases and by recruiting many Western-trained hepatologists and scientists. Over the last two decades, hepatologists and scientists in China have made significant improvements in liver disease prevention, diagnosis, management, and therapy. They have been very active in liver disease research, as shown by the dramatic increase in the number of publications in Hepatology. Nevertheless, many challenges

remain that must be tackled collaboratively. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology and characteristics of liver diseases and liver-related research in China. (Hepatology 2014;60:2098–2107) ”
“Aim:  Regulatory T (Treg) cells may play a pivotal role in the persistence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, we examined their frequency in peripheral blood from patients with HCV-positive selleck products chronic hepatitis (CH), cirrhosis (LC) and HCC. Methods:  Treg cells were identified as CD4+, CD25+ and FoxP3+ T lymphocytes using three-color

FACS. The frequency of Treg cells was expressed as a percentage of the total CD4+ T lymphocytes, and the phenotype of Treg cells was examined using CD45RA. the Results:  Treg cells were significantly increased in CH (5.88 ± 0.19%, n = 76; P < 0.01), LC (6.10 ± 0.28%, n = 40; P < 0.001) and HCC (6.80 ± 0.30%, n = 57; P < 0.0001) compared to healthy control (5.13 ± 0.25%, n = 31). However, Treg cells were not increased with the progression of fibrosis or the grade of inflammations. Treg cells were slightly increased in early-stage HCC (6.91 ± 0.40%) compared with advanced-stage HCC (6.58 ± 0.39%), but these results were not statistically significant. In a serial examination, a distinct increase in Treg cells after local therapy for early-stage HCC was a hallmark of early recurrence. Most expanded Treg cells in HCC were CD45RA-, suggesting that a memory-type Treg population had differentiated in the periphery and not in the thymus. Conclusion:  We observed an increase in Treg cells in HCV-related chronic liver disease, particularly in HCC, and these cells were shown to be memory-type Treg cells.

The VWF monomer is heavily glycosylated with 20% by mass being composed of carbohydrate. The N-linked glycan structures of plasma VWF are complex type chains, with the majority being bi-antennary (78%) or tri-antennary (12%). The O-linked glycan structures of plasma VWF are short mucin-type carbohydrates and sialylated T antigen structures. Plasma VWF expresses terminal ABO(H) group antigens. In contrast, platelet VWF does not express A or B blood group antigens

[25], but it does express precursor H antigen (Fig. 3 [26]). Sialic acid expression on platelet VWF is significantly GDC-0973 purchase reduced, by >50% compared to plasma VWF. It is known that expression of terminal ABO blood group and sialic acid determinants on the N-linked glycans of VWF influence susceptibility to ADAMTS13 proteolysis [27, 28]. Recent work in the laboratory of O’Donnell et al. has demonstrated that due to differences in its glycosylation profile, platelet VWF is resistant to BTK signaling pathway inhibitors proteolysis by ADAMTS13. Interestingly, other functional differences between platelet and plasma VWF have also been described. For example, GpIb binding is reduced five-fold for platelet VWF compared to plasma VWF [29]. In contrast, platelet VWF demonstrates significantly enhanced GpIIbIIIa binding and heparin binding compared to plasma VWF. Crossed bone marrow transplantation

studies in both pigs and mice have shown that platelet VWF is important in regulating normal haemostasis in vivo. In pigs with plasma VWF only, bleeding time was largely but not completely corrected and all pigs developed thrombosis in an arterial injury model. In contrast, HSP90 in pigs with platelet VWF only, the bleeding time was not corrected and none of the

pigs developed thrombosis [30]. A similar study in mice showed that platelet VWF plays a role in platelet adhesion to collagen under shear [31]. Human studies have demonstrated significant heterogeneity in platelet VWF:Ag and VWF:RCo among patients with type I VWD [32]. In addition, in vitro parallel plate flow studies suggest that platelet VWF may be important in regulating the adhesion of human platelets to collagen under shear stress [33]. Notwithstanding these data, the importance of platelet VWF in managing patients with VWD/pathological bleeding disorders remains poorly defined. This section focused on type 1 patients; type 1 is the most common form of the disease. Patients with type 1 VWD do not produce enough VWF, resulting in heavy bleeding during a bad injury or surgery. Although much is known about type 1 VWD, there are still areas where knowledge is lacking. A diagnosis of type 1 VWD is likely in patients with previous bleeding history (at least two bleeds at different sites) and reduced VWF:RCo in plasma (

Methods: Patients who failed in their first colonoscopy due to poor bowel preparation were randomly allocated to two groups: next day repeated colonoscopy with sodium phosphate (NaP) 45 mL group (Next day group) vs after 7 days repeated colonoscopy with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4 L (After 7 days

group). Age, sex, past medical history, current medication, bowel habit, reason for colonoscopy were compared between the two groups. The quality of bowel preparation was assessed using Ottawa scale. Bowel preparation scale, colonoscopic findings and polyp detection selleckchem rate were compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 101 patients with unacceptable colonic preparation were enrolled. Fifty one patients were included in Next day group and fifty patients in After 7 days group. APO866 Next day group showed the better quality of bowel preparation than After 7 days group (4.75 ± 2.45 vs 5.52 ± 2.24, P = 0.003). There was no significant difference in age, sex, current medication, reason for colonoscopy, colonoscopic findings and polyp detection rate between the two groups. Constipation and past history of abdominal surgery was found to be predictive of a failed repeated preparation (Odd ratio = 1.54, 95% CI (1.14–2.07), P = 0.004). Conclusion: Second colonoscopy

on next day with NaP 45 mL was more effective than after 7 days with PEG 4 L in colonic preparation failure. Constipation and past history of abdominal most surgery were significant risk factors of repeated preparation failure. Key Word(s): 1. Second colonoscopy; 2. preparation failure; 3. interval Presenting Author: JONG SUN KIM Additional Authors: YOUNG EUN JOO, HYUN SOO KIM, SUNG BUM CHO, WAN SIK LEE Corresponding Author: JONG SUN KIM Affiliations: Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Medical School, Chonnam National University Medical School Objective: Adequate bowel preparation is essential for a thorough and accurate examination of the bowel during colonoscopy. Because psychological and environmental stress induces changes in gastrointestinal

motility influencing on bowel preparation, stress could affect degree of bowel cleansing. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the influence of stress on bowel preparation. Methods: A prospective, endoscopist single blind study was conducted. Bowel-cleansing was measured by endoscopists using the Boston bowel preparation scale (BBPS) score. Because all study procedures were conducted between 12 AM and 3 PM, a 4-liter same-day regimen of polyethyleneglycol preparation method is used. We evaluated degree of stress using a global assessment of recent stress (GARS) scale. Results: Five hundred thirty one patients undergoing colonoscopy were enrolled. In multivariate analysis, the GARS scale was significant contributors to satisfactory bowel preparation (p < 0.001).